Hierarchical rule development and binding for web application server firewall

ABSTRACT

At least one of an HTTP request message and an HTTP response message is intercepted. A corresponding HTTP message model includes a plurality of message model sections. A representation of the at least one of an HTTP request message and an HTTP response message is parsed into message sections in accordance with the message model sections of the HTTP message model. A plurality of security rules are bounds to the message model sections. The plurality of security rules each specify at least one action to be taken in response to a given condition, which is based, at least in part, on a corresponding given one of the message sections. The at least one of an HTTP request message and an HTTP response message is processed in accordance with the plurality of security rules. Techniques for developing rules for a web application server firewall are also provided.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/147,857 filed Jan. 6, 2014, the complete disclosure of which isexpressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety for allpurposes, which is in turn a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 13/114,315 filed May 24, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,627,442, thecomplete disclosure of which is also expressly incorporated herein byreference in its entirety for all purposes.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the electrical, electronic and computerarts, and, more particularly, to web infrastructures and the like.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

In a typical Web application a client, such as a browser, interacts witha Web server by exchanging a series of messages that are made up ofhypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) requests and responses. An attackeroften exploits vulnerabilities that exist in a Web application to launchattacks. Some of the predominant types of attacks against Webapplications include Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), SQL Injection (SQL-I),and Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Principles of the invention provide techniques for hierarchical ruledevelopment and binding for a web application server firewall. In oneaspect, an exemplary method for operating a web application serverfirewall includes the steps of intercepting at least one of an HTTPrequest message and an HTTP response message; and identifying acorresponding HTTP message model, based on the intercepting step. TheHTTP message model includes a plurality of message model sections.Additional steps include parsing a representation of the at least one ofan HTTP request message and an HTTP response message into messagesections in accordance with the message model sections of the HTTPmessage model; and binding a plurality of security rules to the messagemodel sections. The plurality of security rules each specify at leastone action to be taken in response to a given condition. The givencondition is based, at least in part, on a corresponding given one ofthe message sections. A further step includes processing the at leastone of an HTTP request message and an HTTP response message inaccordance with the plurality of security rules.

In another aspect, an exemplary method for developing rules for a webapplication server firewall includes the steps of anticipating at leastone of an HTTP request message and an HTTP response message likely to beprocessed by the web application server firewall; and building acorresponding HTTP message model, based on the anticipating step. TheHTTP message model includes a plurality of message model sections. Anadditional step includes developing a plurality of security rules eachspecifying at least one action to be taken in response to a givencondition. The given condition is based, at least in part, on acorresponding section of an actual message. A further step includesbinding the plurality of security rules to the message model sections.In some cases, rather than carrying out the anticipating step, such stepis performed externally and the method includes building the HTTPmessage model based on the at least one of an HTTP request message andan HTTP response message anticipated from the externally-performed stepas likely to be processed by the web application server firewall.

As used herein, “facilitating” an action includes performing the action,making the action easier, helping to carry the action out, or causingthe action to be performed. Thus, by way of example and not limitation,instructions executing on one processor might facilitate an actioncarried out by instructions executing on a remote processor, by sendingappropriate data or commands to cause or aid the action to be performed.For the avoidance of doubt, where an actor facilitates an action byother than performing the action, the action is nevertheless performedby some entity or combination of entities.

One or more embodiments of the invention or elements thereof can beimplemented in the form of a computer program product including acomputer readable storage medium with computer usable program code forperforming the method steps indicated. Furthermore, one or moreembodiments of the invention or elements thereof can be implemented inthe form of a system (or apparatus) including a memory, and at least oneprocessor that is coupled to the memory and operative to performexemplary method steps. Yet further, in another aspect, one or moreembodiments of the invention or elements thereof can be implemented inthe form of means for carrying out one or more of the method stepsdescribed herein; the means can include (i) hardware module(s), (ii)software module(s) stored in a computer readable storage medium (ormultiple such media) and implemented on a hardware processor, or (iii) acombination of (i) and (ii); any of (i)-(iii) implement the specifictechniques set forth herein.

Techniques of the present invention can provide substantial beneficialtechnical effects. For example, one or more embodiments may provide oneor more of the following advantages:

-   -   Hierarchical rule development and binding can make rule        configuration much more easy and accurate, and make rule        definitions much better align with web application logic        according to its hierarchical business needs and technical        design    -   Hierarchical rule development and binding can make security        patching for web applications more efficient without any changes        of the web application itself

These and other features and advantages of the present invention willbecome apparent from the following detailed description of illustrativeembodiments thereof, which is to be read in connection with theaccompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts a cloud computing node according to an embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIG. 2 depicts a cloud computing environment according to an embodimentof the present invention;

FIG. 3 depicts abstraction model layers according to an embodiment ofthe present invention;

FIG. 4 depicts an exemplary web application security protectionarchitecture in a cloud environment, according to an aspect of theinvention;

FIG. 5 depicts an exemplary HTTP request, according to an aspect of theinvention;

FIG. 6 depicts an exemplary HTTP message model, according to an aspectof the invention;

FIG. 7 presents an exemplary JSON representation of an HTTP requestmodel, according to an aspect of the invention;

FIG. 8 presents an exemplary rule definition in a rule development tool,according to an aspect of the invention;

FIG. 9 presents an exemplary HTTP message and its hierarchical logic onURL, and rule binding to the HTTP message sections in a rule developmenttool, according to an aspect of the invention;

FIG. 10 shows an exemplary rule and rule set model, according to anaspect of the invention;

FIG. 11 shows an exemplary JSON representation for a URI template,according to an aspect of the invention;

FIG. 12 presents an exemplary rule sample for ModSecurity, according toan aspect of the invention;

FIG. 13 presents performance evaluation results for different modulesenabled in web application security protection, according to an aspectof the invention;

FIG. 14 presents an exemplary rule instance in Hierarchical Rule Schema(HRS) for the ModSecurity rules of FIG. 12, according to an aspect ofthe invention;

FIG. 15 is a table showing a comparison for a Tomcat & Filter,ModSecurity, and web application security protection, according to anaspect of the invention;

FIG. 16 is a table showing an experiment environment setting, accordingto an aspect of the invention;

FIG. 17 shows average response time versus enabling different modules,according to an aspect of the invention;

FIG. 18 shows maximum new connections versus enabling different modules,according to an aspect of the invention;

FIG. 19 shows the cumulative transaction completed ratio versus enablingdifferent modules, according to an aspect of the invention;

FIG. 20 shows certain URLs and the like, according to an aspect of theinvention; and

FIG. 21 shows a flow chart of an exemplary method, according to anaspect of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Cloud computing is a model of service delivery for enabling convenient,on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computingresources (e.g. networks, network bandwidth, servers, processing,memory, storage, applications, virtual machines, and services) that canbe rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort orinteraction with a provider of the service. This cloud model may includeat least five characteristics, at least three service models, and atleast four deployment models.

Characteristics are as follows:

On-demand self-service: a cloud consumer can unilaterally provisioncomputing capabilities, such as server time and network storage, asneeded automatically without requiring human interaction with theservice's provider.

Broad network access: capabilities are available over a network andaccessed through standard mechanisms that promote use by heterogeneousthin or thick client platforms (e.g., mobile phones, laptops, and PDAs).

Resource pooling: the provider's computing resources are pooled to servemultiple consumers using a multi-tenant model, with different physicaland virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassigned according todemand. There is a sense of location independence in that the consumergenerally has no control or knowledge over the exact location of theprovided resources but may be able to specify location at a higher levelof abstraction (e.g., country, state, or datacenter).

Rapid elasticity: capabilities can be rapidly and elasticallyprovisioned, in some cases automatically, to quickly scale out andrapidly released to quickly scale in. To the consumer, the capabilitiesavailable for provisioning often appear to be unlimited and can bepurchased in any quantity at any time.

Measured service: cloud systems automatically control and optimizeresource use by leveraging a metering capability at some level ofabstraction appropriate to the type of service (e.g., storage,processing, bandwidth, and active user accounts). Resource usage can bemonitored, controlled, and reported providing transparency for both theprovider and consumer of the utilized service.

Service Models are as follows:

Software as a Service (SaaS): the capability provided to the consumer isto use the provider's applications running on a cloud infrastructure.The applications are accessible from various client devices through athin client interface such as a web browser (e.g., web-based email). Theconsumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructureincluding network, servers, operating systems, storage, or evenindividual application capabilities, with the possible exception oflimited user-specific application configuration settings.

Platform as a Service (PaaS): the capability provided to the consumer isto deploy onto the cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquiredapplications created using programming languages and tools supported bythe provider. The consumer does not manage or control the underlyingcloud infrastructure including networks, servers, operating systems, orstorage, but has control over the deployed applications and possiblyapplication hosting environment configurations.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS): the capability provided to theconsumer is to provision processing, storage, networks, and otherfundamental computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy andrun arbitrary software, which can include operating systems andapplications. The consumer does not manage or control the underlyingcloud infrastructure but has control over operating systems, storage,deployed applications, and possibly limited control of select networkingcomponents (e.g., host firewalls).

Deployment Models are as follows:

Private cloud: the cloud infrastructure is operated solely for anorganization. It may be managed by the organization or a third party andmay exist on-premises or off-premises.

Community cloud: the cloud infrastructure is shared by severalorganizations and supports a specific community that has shared concerns(e.g., mission, security requirements, policy, and complianceconsiderations). It may be managed by the organizations or a third partyand may exist on-premises or off-premises.

Public cloud: the cloud infrastructure is made available to the generalpublic or a large industry group and is owned by an organization sellingcloud services.

Hybrid cloud: the cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or moreclouds (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities butare bound together by standardized or proprietary technology thatenables data and application portability (e.g., cloud bursting for loadbalancing between clouds).

A cloud computing environment is service oriented with a focus onstatelessness, low coupling, modularity, and semantic interoperability.At the heart of cloud computing is an infrastructure comprising anetwork of interconnected nodes.

Referring now to FIG. 1, a schematic of an example of a cloud computingnode is shown. Cloud computing node 10 is only one example of a suitablecloud computing node and is not intended to suggest any limitation as tothe scope of use or functionality of embodiments of the inventiondescribed herein. Regardless, cloud computing node 10 is capable ofbeing implemented and/or performing any of the functionality set forthherein.

In cloud computing node 10 there is a computer system/server 12, whichis operational with numerous other general purpose or special purposecomputing system environments or configurations. Examples of well-knowncomputing systems, environments, and/or configurations that may besuitable for use with computer system/server 12 include, but are notlimited to, personal computer systems, server computer systems, thinclients, thick clients, handheld or laptop devices, multiprocessorsystems, microprocessor-based systems, set top boxes, programmableconsumer electronics, network PCs, minicomputer systems, mainframecomputer systems, and distributed cloud computing environments thatinclude any of the above systems or devices, and the like.

Computer system/server 12 may be described in the general context ofcomputer system executable instructions, such as program modules, beingexecuted by a computer system. Generally, program modules may includeroutines, programs, objects, components, logic, data structures, and soon that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract datatypes. Computer system/server 12 may be practiced in distributed cloudcomputing environments where tasks are performed by remote processingdevices that are linked through a communications network. In adistributed cloud computing environment, program modules may be locatedin both local and remote computer system storage media including memorystorage devices.

As shown in FIG. 1, computer system/server 12 in cloud computing node 10is shown in the form of a general-purpose computing device. Thecomponents of computer system/server 12 may include, but are not limitedto, one or more processors or processing units 16, a system memory 28,and a bus 18 that couples various system components including systemmemory 28 to processor 16.

Bus 18 represents one or more of any of several types of bus structures,including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, anaccelerated graphics port, and a processor or local bus using any of avariety of bus architectures. By way of example, and not limitation,such architectures include Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus,Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) bus, Enhanced ISA (EISA) bus, VideoElectronics Standards Association (VESA) local bus, and PeripheralComponent Interconnects (PCI) bus.

Computer system/server 12 typically includes a variety of computersystem readable media. Such media may be any available media that isaccessible by computer system/server 12, and it includes both volatileand non-volatile media, removable and non-removable media.

System memory 28 can include computer system readable media in the formof volatile memory, such as random access memory (RAM) 30 and/or cachememory 32. Computer system/server 12 may further include otherremovable/non-removable, volatile/non-volatile computer system storagemedia. By way of example only, storage system 34 can be provided forreading from and writing to a non-removable, non-volatile magnetic media(not shown and typically called a “hard drive”). Although not shown, amagnetic disk drive for reading from and writing to a removable,non-volatile magnetic disk (e.g., a “floppy disk”), and an optical diskdrive for reading from or writing to a removable, non-volatile opticaldisk such as a CD-ROM, DVD-ROM or other optical media can be provided.In such instances, each can be connected to bus 18 by one or more datamedia interfaces. As will be further depicted and described below,memory 28 may include at least one program product having a set (e.g.,at least one) of program modules that are configured to carry out thefunctions of embodiments of the invention.

Program/utility 40, having a set (at least one) of program modules 42,may be stored in memory 28 by way of example, and not limitation, aswell as an operating system, one or more application programs, otherprogram modules, and program data. Each of the operating system, one ormore application programs, other program modules, and program data orsome combination thereof, may include an implementation of a networkingenvironment. Program modules 42 generally carry out the functions and/ormethodologies of embodiments of the invention as described herein.

Computer system/server 12 may also communicate with one or more externaldevices 14 such as a keyboard, a pointing device, a display 24, etc.;one or more devices that enable a user to interact with computersystem/server 12; and/or any devices (e.g., network card, modem, etc.)that enable computer system/server 12 to communicate with one or moreother computing devices. Such communication can occur via Input/Output(I/O) interfaces 22. Still yet, computer system/server 12 cancommunicate with one or more networks such as a local area network(LAN), a general wide area network (WAN), and/or a public network (e.g.,the Internet) via network adapter 20. As depicted, network adapter 20communicates with the other components of computer system/server 12 viabus 18. It should be understood that although not shown, other hardwareand/or software components could be used in conjunction with computersystem/server 12. Examples, include, but are not limited to: microcode,device drivers, redundant processing units, external disk drive arrays,RAID systems, tape drives, and data archival storage systems, etc.

FIG. 1 is also generally representative of servers or other generalpurpose computers that can be used in connection with one or moreembodiments of the invention in environments other than a cloudenvironment.

Referring now to FIG. 2, illustrative cloud computing environment 50 isdepicted. As shown, cloud computing environment 50 comprises one or morecloud computing nodes 10 with which local computing devices used bycloud consumers, such as, for example, personal digital assistant (PDA)or cellular telephone 54A, desktop computer 54B, laptop computer 54C,and/or automobile computer system 54N may communicate. Nodes 10 maycommunicate with one another. They may be grouped (not shown) physicallyor virtually, in one or more networks, such as Private, Community,Public, or Hybrid clouds as described hereinabove, or a combinationthereof. This allows cloud computing environment 50 to offerinfrastructure, platforms and/or software as services for which a cloudconsumer does not need to maintain resources on a local computingdevice. It is understood that the types of computing devices 54A-N shownin FIG. 2 are intended to be illustrative only and that computing nodes10 and cloud computing environment 50 can communicate with any type ofcomputerized device over any type of network and/or network addressableconnection (e.g., using a web browser).

Referring now to FIG. 3, a set of functional abstraction layers providedby cloud computing environment 50 (FIG. 2) is shown. It should beunderstood in advance that the components, layers, and functions shownin FIG. 3 are intended to be illustrative only and embodiments of theinvention are not limited thereto. As depicted, the following layers andcorresponding functions are provided:

Hardware and software layer 60 includes hardware and softwarecomponents. Examples of hardware components include mainframes, in oneexample IBM® zSeries® systems; RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)architecture based servers, in one example IBM pSeries® systems; IBMxSeries® systems; IBM BladeCenter® systems; storage devices; networksand networking components. Examples of software components includenetwork application server software, in one example IBM WebSphere®application server software; and database software, in one example IBMDB2® database software. (IBM, zSeries, pSeries, xSeries, BladeCenter,WebSphere, and DB2 are trademarks of International Business MachinesCorporation registered in many jurisdictions worldwide).

Virtualization layer 62 provides an abstraction layer from which thefollowing examples of virtual entities may be provided: virtual servers;virtual storage; virtual networks, including virtual private networks;virtual applications and operating systems; and virtual clients.

In one example, management layer 64 may provide the functions describedbelow. Resource provisioning provides dynamic procurement of computingresources and other resources that are utilized to perform tasks withinthe cloud computing environment. Metering and Pricing provide costtracking as resources are utilized within the cloud computingenvironment, and billing or invoicing for consumption of theseresources. In one example, these resources may comprise applicationsoftware licenses. Security provides identity verification for cloudconsumers and tasks, as well as protection for data and other resources.User portal provides access to the cloud computing environment forconsumers and system administrators. Service level management providescloud computing resource allocation and management such that requiredservice levels are met. Service Level Agreement (SLA) planning andfulfillment provide pre-arrangement for, and procurement of, cloudcomputing resources for which a future requirement is anticipated inaccordance with an SLA.

Workloads layer 66 provides examples of functionality for which thecloud computing environment may be utilized. Examples of workloads andfunctions which may be provided from this layer include: mapping andnavigation; software development and lifecycle management; virtualclassroom education delivery; data analytics processing; transactionprocessing; and mobile desktop.

One or more embodiments provide techniques for design and implementationof hierarchical rules for a web application server firewall. A WebApplication Server Firewall (WASF) is a firewall that is enabled insidea Web Application Server, such as a Tomcat server (available from theApache software foundation), to filter unwanted messages and protect Webapplications running on the server. Unlike other kinds of firewalls, aWASF can exploit the richer semantics of the Web applications, andthereby provide a fine-grain protection. One or more embodiments hereinprovide design and implementation of a fine-grain and hierarchical ruledevelopment for a WASF. There are two parts to hierarchical ruledevelopment: (1) Hierarchical rule schema and (2) Rule development tool.The hierarchical rule schema supports a number of features, includinglate binding of rules with messages and ability to handle URI templatesand RESTful requests (“REST”=representational state transfer; a RESTfulweb service (or RESTful web API is a simple web service implementedusing HTTP and the techniques of REST). To improve the usability ofdeveloping and deploying firewall rules, one or more embodiments providea Rule Development Tool (RDT) that provides several capabilities fordeveloping and deploying rules, searching for similar rules, analyzingconflicts among rules, transforming rules from one format to anotherone, and interactive virtual patching. One or more embodiments of WASFare suitable for deployment in products and in a cloud environment.

As noted above, in a typical Web application a client, such as abrowser, interacts with a Web server by exchanging a series of messagesthat are made up of hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) requests andresponses. An attacker often exploits vulnerabilities that exist in aWeb application to launch attacks. Some of the predominant types ofattacks against Web applications include Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), SQLInjection (SQL-I), and Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attacks.

A Web Application Server Firewall (WASF) is a piece of softwareinstalled inside a Web Application Server (WAS), such as a WebSphere®Application Server (registered mark of International Business MachinesCorporation, Armonk, N.Y., USA (hereinafter IBM)) or a Tomcat server, tofilter inbound and outbound Web content of the WAS using filter orfirewall rules. Unlike a typical network or proxy server firewall, aWASF can exploit the richer semantics of the underlying Web applicationsto provide fine-grain protection of the Web applications running on theserver.

A significant aspect in WASF is how and at what level of Web applicationsemantics can be exploited without modifying the Web application itself.Imagine that a Web application developer has released a Web application,but has found vulnerability in the application. Unfortunately due to therelease cycle, the developer cannot modify the application. Onesignificant question is whether WASF can be used to provide fine-grainprotection of the vulnerable application without any loss offunctionality of the application. Modern Web applications that are basedon AJAX (asynchronous JavaScript and XML) and REST contain rich content,services and hierarchical resources. A skillful attacker can launchsophisticated attacks targeting specific vulnerable resources andservices. Coarse-grain firewall protection can often filter suchattacks, but it can also prevent rich functionality provided by theunderlying applications.

One or more embodiments provide fine-grain hierarchical rule developmentfor a WASF, referred to herein as Web Application Security Protection(WASP), to address the problem of fine-grain protection of Webapplications without modifying the vulnerable application and preventingloss of any its functionality. One exemplary solution includes twosignificant parts: (1) a Hierarchical Rule Schema (HRS) for writingflexible, fine-grained, and hierarchical firewall rules, and (2) a RuleDevelopment Tool (RDT) to quickly develop rules to protect againstzero-day attacks. The RDT provides several capabilities to theapplication developer and security administrator to develop, includingsearching for similar rules, parsing and modeling Web applicationconfigurations which often contain the application layout, integrationwith black-box testing tool such as AppScan (available from IBM),transforming rules from ModSecurity (well-known open source webapplication firewall) to the HRS, and the like.

Note that WASP is a non-limiting example of a web application firewall;such firewalls per se are known to the skilled artisan and given theteachings herein, the skilled artisan will be able to implement aspectsof the invention in one or more web application firewalls.

In one or more embodiments, the HRS is based on two design principles:(1) ability to support fine-grain rules to protect hierarchical Webresources and services and (2) late binding of rules to message types. Atypical Web applications based on AJAX and REST maintains a largecollection of hierarchical resources and services. A fine-grainhierarchical rule schema is necessary for effectively handling RESTfulrequests. Consider the example 2002 in FIG. 20.

A RESTful Web application that processes the GET requests for the URLs2002 will typically not create one static page for each resource. TheWeb application will construct a layout for the URLs using a URITemplate mechanism, described using configuration files or annotations.A URI Template is a mechanism that allows one to specify a URL toinclude parameters that is substituted before the URL is resolved. Usinga URI Template mechanism an application can create the template 2004 forthe example 2002, where {pid} and {tid} are resource variables that mapto 1 and 3, respectively for the first URL (and will map to 3 and 4,respectively for the second URL). To handle such URI template-based HTTPrequests requires the ability to model hierarchical rules and also anunderstanding of the back-end application structure. Using RDT, in oneor more embodiments, parse and explore the configuration files anddeployment descriptor of a back-end application and model the underlyinghierarchical application structure.

In one or more embodiments, using hierarchical rule language, model theabove URI Template, obtained by parsing configuration files, as at 2006,which represents the instance of Hostname. Pizza {pid}, topping, and{tid} are instances of FilePathNode. For resources {pid} and {uid} alsoset the attribute isVariable to be true and the variableExpression isset ^[0-9]+$ indicating that it matches numerical value pattern. Anotherpoint is to set the attribute inheritParent to the node tid, which meansthe rule bound to the parent node such as topping will be inherited andapplied to the child node. The above URI Template is then representedusing JSON (JavaScript Object Notation). JSON is a simple and flexiblelanguage that is used in one or more embodiments for representing notonly core elements of the rule language; meta-information about variousparts of the rule elements that provide additional capabilities can alsobe expressed.

The HRS allows late binding of rules with message components on whichthe rules operate. To further elaborate the late binding principle,consider a typical HTTP GET request. It includes several components,such as headers, URL, cookies, and the like. One or more rules can bebound to each of these components. A rule includes two parts: conditionand action. A rule typically has to be bound to a message before it canbe triggered. In other words, an unbounded rule can typically never betriggered, even if its condition is true always. Now, when a conditionof a bounded rule is true, then the corresponding action is executed.Using RDT a security administrator can develop new rules, and bindexisting rules to different components of a message. Late bindingprovides flexibility, wherein a security administrator can decide howthe rules are bound to messages.

A non-limiting exemplary embodiment implements WASP using a J2EE (JAVAenterprise edition) framework and so the exemplary WASP can potentiallybe deployed inside any J2EE Web application server. In non-limitingexperiments, WASP has been integrated into WebSphere application server(WAS) and Tomcat server and has also been deployed in a Cloudenvironment. Several empirical results that highlight different featuresof WASP, including results that compare and contrast WASP withModSecurity and various performance results, are presented herein.

Exemplary WASP Design

The exemplary design of WASP provides a flexible WASF for new enterprisemodels such as the Cloud environment. FIG. 4 shows the overall systemarchitecture of WASP. The exemplary WASP embodiment includes WASP Server402, WASP Client 404, and WASP Central Processor 406.

WASP Server:

The WASP Server 402 processes HTTP request and response messages andapplies rules to filter bad messages and allow good messages. The basicfiltering process includes first intercepting the HTTP request/responsemessages, constructing WASP internal message objects based on a messagemodel (as described in below), and applying filtering rules deployedinside the engine. The WASP Server shown in FIG. 4 in turn includes aconnector 408 which essentially captures the HTTP requests andresponses, and then forwards them to the message handler 410. Anon-limiting exemplary embodiment supports Tomcat server and WebSphereApplication Server (not separately numbered in block 408). In somecases, WASP can be employed in IBM WebSphere proxy server and Apacheserver, and in these deployments can be used as a proxy firewall thatdoes not exploit the richer application semantics. One or moreembodiments do not modify the original messages, but instead create acopy of the message and forward to the Message Handler 410.

The Message Handler 410 parses the messages forwarded by the Connectorand creates the WASP message object (described in detail below). Foreach request/response message, multiple sections will be created basedon the HTTP message protocol, including the Header Section, CookieSection, Query String Section, Body Section, and so on. Some encodedcharacters, such as base64 value, Hex value, and so on, still can launchthe XSS attack especially when these characters are embedded in arequested URL as the query string. Thus, the decoder module is used tosanitize the input values if it contains different encoding characters.

The Runtime Engine 412 is a significant module that processes therequest/response based on the security rules. The RESTful rewritingmodule 414 is used to support RESTful URL and URI templates. To obtainthe context of the RESTful requests, one or more embodiments import andanalyze the application configuration files such as web.xml,application.xml, and the like, to create the regex (regular expression)pattern for the RESTful URLs and URI templates. Then, based on the URLregex pattern, map the dynamic RESTful URL to the common static one,then index the rules based on the common static one. In this manner,there is no need to create the security rules for each dynamic URL whichhas the same URL pattern, so that the rule configuration cost can bereduced. After indexing the rules based on the request URL pattern,process each section in the request/response message based on thesecurity rules. If one rule is triggered, the corresponding actionsdefined in the rule will be enabled, such as denying the request,logging, responding with a friendly error message, and so on.

WASP Client:

One salient feature of WASP is that in the new enterprise model clientside applications are considered as part of the enterprise model. WASPClient provides a number of capabilities, such as user friendly errorreport when requests are blocked, client pre-checking of rules, and thelike.

WASP Central Processor:

The WASP Central Processor 406 is where offline analysis, ruledevelopment, rule testing, and rule deployment are performed. TheCentral Processor includes Kernel Services 416, Store House 418,Analysis Engine 420 and Rule Management 422.

-   -   Kernel Services: A Cloud environment will typically host many        different kinds of application services with different security        requirements. The Kernel Services 416 provide user-centric        access to WASP internals so that firewall rules and other log        information for one application is not exposed to users of        another application.    -   Store House: In one or more embodiments, the Store House 418        stores all of the relevant information, including rules,        analysis results, abstraction of application configuration, and        so on. One or more embodiments store most of the information as        resources using JSON and/or XML (extensible markup language),        and provide a RESTful API (application program interface) to        access and update the resources. Some embodiments use APACHE        WINK as the RESTful framework. As an example, a rule can be        obtained with the specified ID as /rule/{ruleID}, or get all the        rules in the ruleset with the specified ruleset ID as        /ruleset/{rulesetlD}/rules. Also for the rules binding to the        different sections of the WASP message, the rules can be        obtained from the interface as        /message/{messageID}/section/rules. The interface        /message/95601/header/rules means it can get all the rules that        are bound to the header section in the message with the message        ID 95601.    -   Rule Management: Rule Management 422 includes the Rule Modeler        module 424 and Rule Analysis module 420. The Rule Modeler 424 is        used to model the HRS, including the message model and rule        model, which is discussed further below.        HTTP Message Model

Rather than developing a new surface syntax to express rules, in one ormore embodiments, WASP uses JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) as theunderlying representation for rules. (One or more embodiments alsosupport XML schema representation.) The HRS includes: (1) HTTP MessageModel as seen in FIG. 6 that defines the core model of the HTTP messagestructure, (2) Rule Model of FIG. 8 that can be used for writingfirewall rules, and (3) Message Rule Binding of FIG. 7 which isdesirable to determine the set of rules that should be triggered atruntime for a given message. In one or more embodiments, the basicformat of HTTP request and response messages includes (1) the initialline, (2) a sequence of header lines, (3) a new blank line, and (4) thebody. The initial line for a request message typically contains one ofthe HTTP methods (such as GET, POST, HEAD, and the like). The initialline for a response message typically contains status information thatincludes status code. FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a POST request.

It is worth noting at this point that FIGS. 8 and 9 are pages from anexemplary web application (the WASP console of FIG. 4). This applicationcan be implemented, for example, in JSP, Java, Servlet and HTML. FIG. 8shows exemplary detailed definition of one rule. FIG. 9 shows rulebinding; the right block indicates how to bind rules or rulesets ontohttp message sections, while the left block shows the hierarchystructure in URL (i.e., who is the parent FilePathNode, and whetherinherit rules from parent).

The overall HTTP message model using UML (Unified Modeling Language) isshown in FIG. 6. The root of the HTTP message model is the abstractelement called Message 602. The RequestMessage and ResponseMessage 604,606 are concrete types of Message element, and they correspond to HTTPrequest and HTTP response messages. Recall that the initial line of anHTTP request contains method, URL, and version; these are represented asMethod, URLTemplate and Version elements 608, 610, 612. The Versionelement is used to represent HTTP version number in both HTTP requestand response and so it is part of in the Message element (denoted usingsolid diamond symbol). A Method element can be one of GET, POST, PUT,DELETE, and HEAD. The URLTemplate element is split into HostName element614, a sequence of FilePathNode elements 616 and a QueryString element618. Notice that URLTemplate is part of RequestMessage (denoted by soliddiamond symbol), whereas URLTemplate is referenced by ResponseMessage(denoted by plain diamond symbol). The distinction is appropriate forindexing rules when response messages are processed.

Recall that each HTTP request and response includes a header section,and this can be modeled using the Header element 620. The Header elementcan be considered to be a set of name-value pair represented as a set ofParameter elements 622. Notice that in the model cookies are modeledusing the Cookie element 624; and the reason for this is that theytypically contain significant elements (such as session information andauthentication information) that are needed for writing filtering rulesagainst cookies. Once again a Cookie element includes a set ofname-value pairs and so they are modeled as a set of Parameter elements.The QueryString element, which is part of the URLTemplate element, isalso modeled as a set of name-value Parameter elements. Finally, whenthe value of the Content-Type, defined in the HTTP request header, isapplication/x-www-form-urlencoded, the message body will also bename-value pairs, and therefore they are modeled as a set of Parameterelements. In an exemplary WRS different types are handled for the body.The Content-Type element defines the content type of the body. Unlikethe RequestMessage element, the ResponseMessage element includes aResponseStatus element 626. The statusCode attribute can be any of thestatus code as defined by the well-known IETF HTTP protocol standard.The ResponseMessage element also includes Header element, Versionelement, and Body element 628.

Consider the URL elements of an HTTP request, which can be modeled as aURLTemplate element. As shown in FIG. 6, each URLTemplate element 610includes three parts: (1) Hostname element 614, (2) sequence ofFilePathNode elements 616, and (3) QueryString element 618. TheQueryString includes Parameter element 622 that represents thename-value pairs. Now consider the HTTP request URL 2008. Element 2010is an instance of the Hostname element. The resources Account andtransferMoney.php are instances of the FilePathNode element. Finally,acct=BOB&amount=100 is an instance of QueryString. Notice thatQueryString includes two name-value pair of Parameter elements separatedby &: acct=BOB and amount=100.

Each FilePathNode includes several attributes such as isVariable,variableExpression, and inheritParent, explained below. To summarize, inone or more embodiments, the HTTP message model is concise and issemantically rich for developing rule models. The example in FIG. 7illustrates a JSON representation of an HTTP message model instance forthe example shown in FIG. 5.

Rule Model

FIG. 10 shows the UML class diagram for the HRS rule model. A securityadministrator uses RDT for developing rules. FIG. 8 shows a screen-shotof rule development using RDT. In one or more embodiments, there arethree significant parts in the rule model. The first part includes Ruleand RuleSet elements 1002, 1004; the second part includes Condition andExternalCondition elements 1006, 1008; and the last part includes theAction element 1010.

Rule and RuleSet Element:

The basic structure of a rule will look like:

R01: if condition then action.

Whenever the condition holds true the corresponding action is executed.The following is an example of a rule R01:

-   -   if (NUM.GT(STR.Length(Request.Header.Parameter[Content-Length]),        100)) then Action.Log.

In the above rule, Request.Header.Parameter[Content-Length] identifies aparticular header parameter and a check is made whether its stringlength is greater than 100. Notice the way the HTTP message modelelements are accessed. Recall from FIG. 6 that Parameter is a name-valuetype of model element and Content-Length is the name and the notationParameter[Content-Length] returns its value. An instance of a Ruleelement typically has three main parts: (1) a Rule identifier thatidentifies the rule, such as R01, (2) a Condition such asNUM.GT(STR.Length (Request.Header. Parameter[Content-Length]), 100) and(3) Action, such as Action.Log. In one or more embodiments, the WASPrule schema contains several pieces of meta-information, such as name,_id_, description, and the like; those are useful for writing rules, andJSON is used to write rules. One or more embodiments group together aset of rules that have some common purpose using RuleSet elements.

Condition and Action Element:

One or more embodiments use the Condition element to model ruleconditions. One or more instances support a number of differentcondition operators such as regex matching, numeric or stringcomparison. One or more cases use the Action element to model actions ofa rule. A rule can trigger more than one action when the correspondingcondition of the rule is satisfied. The attribute actionType is used torepresent the action type. The action types such as Block, Allow, andLog are straightforward to understand. The Record(variable, value) isuseful when the runtime engine wants to manage state across differentrule executions, for instance, supposing it is desired to know if aparticular rule R01 had fired previously. In this case, when rule R01 isfired its status will be recorded in a variable using Record(variable,value) action. The action type Execute(path) will execute an externalcommand referenced by a fully qualified path. The action type Rewrite isuseful to rewrite values of certain elements, such as rewriting the URLvalue. See generally block 1012.

Hierarchical Rule Binding and Inheritance

In this section two concepts are discussed; the first is hierarchicalrule binding and the second is rule inheritance.

Rule Binding:

Based on the HTTP message model and the rule model, the next conceptthat is significant for a security administrator is to understand how tobind rules to HTTP messages. In one or more embodiments of WASP, a rulecan triggered only if it is bound to some message element. In otherwords, unbounded rules can never be fired even if the condition of therule is always true. A security administrator can use the RDT to bindrules to HTTP message models. FIG. 9 illustrates a screen-shot of rulebinding using RDT (FIG. 14 illustrates binding using JSON format). Thefirst step in the RDT is to create a new template based on the HTTPmessage model. The RDT will present the new template of the HTTP messagemodel to a security administrator and the template will highlight allthe elements of the HTTP message model. There are one or more entriesfor each element that can be filled in by the security administrator.For instance, for the URLTemplate element, the security administratorcan fill in a URL that includes host name and file path nodes. The filepath node could contain resource variables (such as pid, as discussedabove). One or more embodiments use the URLTemplate instance as an indexor key during runtime to retrieve the current HTTP model and/or templateinstance. For the Header element, one or more embodiments also createthe set of headers that are allowable for the current HTTP modelinstance. Once the instances of all the elements of a new template arecreated, the security administrator can then bind or associate one ormore rules to each element by either using a pre-existing set of rulesor by developing new rules. For instance, assume that Content-Lengthheader element is created for the following URL template instance 2012.

Assume that the following rule is associated:

-   -   If (NUM.GT(STR.Length(Header.Parameter[Content-Length]), 100))        then Action.Log.

At run time, retrieve the HTTP message template instance using theaforementioned URL as index and then fire all the rules that are boundto various element instances. It should be noted that normalization ofthe message contents are usually required to be implemented in the WASFengine before executing the rules.

Web application developers often want the ability to express the layoutof URLs that their application can respond to. To further elaborate,consider the URLs 2002 that a particular Web application will handle.The Web (REST) application that processes the GET requests for the URLs2002 will typically not create one static page for each resource. TheWeb application will construct a layout for the URLs, and usingURLTemplate the template can be created as at 2004, where {pid} and{tid} are resource variables. Model the above URLTemplate using themodel as follows: URL 2006 represents the instance of Hostname, pizza,{pid}, topping, and {tid} are instances of FilePathNode. For resources{pid} and {uid}, also set the attribute isVariable to be true and thevariableExpression is set to ^[0-9]+$ indicating that it matches thenumerical value pattern. The aforementioned URLTemplate can berepresented using JSON as shown in FIG. 11.

Rule Inheritance:

Next consider how to inherit rules that are written for parent parts ofthe HTTP model. To understand the notion of parent, use a URL structureto build a URL tree model. The motivation for inheritance is that mostWeb applications have a hierarchical structure. For instance, theweb.xml file, which contains the configuration of a Web application,describes a tree-like structure for a Web application. To illustratethis further consider the URLs 2014 that are part of a sequence of HTTPmessages.

A security administrator can write a set of rules for the resource“pizza” and this set of rules could apply to all descendants of thepizza node in the above URLs. In other words both order.php andenquire.php can inherit this rule. Now, when an HTTP message with URL2016 arrives, construct an instance of the HTTP message model. The runtime will then use the URL to access the message model for enquire.phpand if the inheritParent attribute is set to true for the file path nodeenquire.php, the rule bound to “pizza” will be inherited and applied toHTTP message model elements.

A second kind of rule inheritance that is supported in one or moreembodiments is called the parameter inheritance. To further explainparameter inheritance, consider a Web application that provide the threerelated URLS 2018. The first of these URLs is the base URL that providebase query opportunity function. The second and third of these URLs withdifferent stype provide two different techniques for a queryingopportunity; say, stype=1 is a query by name and stype=2 is a query bytime. From a business logic point of view the functions corresponding tothe second and third of the URLs are subtype functions of the first URL.Thus, from a security point of view, the second and third URLs caninherit rules from the base URL. One or more embodiments model such ruleinheritance for parameters by modeling parameters as a hierarchicalstructure.

Rule Transformation and Chaining

One or more embodiments of WASP currently provide capabilities totransform rules from the ModSecurity format to HRS and also from HRS tothe IBM DataPower firewall rule format. FIG. 14 shows the HRS for theModSecurity security rules shown in FIG. 12. The rule chaining in HRS ismore expressive than the linear chaining rule in ModSecurity. In HRS,one or more embodiments follow the classical forward chaining semantics,where one or more conditions that are shared between rules areconsidered to be chained. Rules are chained in a tree-like fashion usingtrigger action type. An action can contain more than one TRIGGER action.One or more embodiments share the conditions between chained rules, andtherefore the same condition is evaluated once for all rules. TheModSecurity chain rule for disruptive actions, such as deny action, isrestricted to the first rule in the chain, thereby creating unexpectedside-effects. For instance, in ModSecurity a request will be denied onlywhen all three rules in the chain trigger and all three non-disruptiveactions that set variables will be executed. In one or more embodiments,the deny action is the last rule of the chain. In HRS all actions areperformed as though they are standalone rules. This allows one tocompose rules via chaining One or more embodiments separate the denyrule R04 and its condition is set to true, as seen in FIG. 14. Recallthat for a rule to be triggered it should also be bound to a message.For HRS rule chaining only the first rule in the chain ROl needs to bebound to a message part, such as content, and the rest of the rules inthe chain are triggered as a consequence of the chaining.

WASP Functionality

By way of a non-limiting exemplary evaluation of the functionality ofWASP, compare WASP with two open source WAFs, namely, the Tomcat 7filter and the aforementioned ModSecurity. First, evaluate thearchitecture design, the limitation for application code development ifenabling WASF function, and the capability to prevent new vulnerability.As shown in the table of FIG. 15, it has been found that for WASP andModSecurity, the rule definition is independent of the rule engine. Itis possible to create or update the rules to prevent a new vulnerabilityin WASP and ModSecurity, and the firewall function is transparent to theapplications, meaning that no modification to application codes isneeded. For the Tomcat 7 filter, the security protection is implementedas multiple filters, and the application developer needs to follow theframework to enable the security filters in the application codes. Norules definition is enabled in the Tomcat 7 filter.

Second, evaluate the capability for the rules definition. Comparing toModSecurity rules, a significant feature for WASP HRS is the ability tosupport the RESTFul URL pattern definition and the validation for thedynamic input values embedded in the RESTful URL. Meanwhile, HRS cansupport the URL-based rule inheritance by defining the inheritParentattribute to the URL path node.

Third, the virtual patching capability is implemented in WASP by usingapplication context information and the AppScan tool. Then it ispossible to further re-test the rules using the RDT testing tool. TheRDT is implemented as the RESTful service, which provides the RESTfulAPI for users to manage JSON-based rule files in the WASP store house.

Empirical Results

This section first compares the functionality for the Tomcat 7 filter,ModSecurity and WASP and then describes non-limiting exemplaryexperiences with WASP, focusing on performance evaluation and usabilityfor user experience.

To evaluate the performance impact of WASP, experiments were conductedon 3-node machines connected via a high-speed LAN. As shown in the tableof FIG. 16, one of the nodes is an Intel Core2 6700 2.66 GHz, 3G RAMmachine with the Windows server 2003 operating system. Two of the nodesare Intel® Xeon™ 2 CPU 2.80 GHz, 4G RAM machines with SUSE LINUXEnterprise Server 9. The nodes are connected to the Internet through a1000 M bps connection. The node with the Windows system is deployed withLoadRunner (version 8.0) and mimics client browsers, simulating multipleusers by sending concurrent HTTP requests to the server application. Twoof the nodes with SUSE are used on the server side to process HTTPrequests. WASP is deployed on one of the nodes in the WebSphere proxyserver (version 7); and the other node is deployed with a WebSphereapplication server (version 7) and IBM DB2® server (version9.0)(registered mark of IBM). No other tasks were running on each node.

FIG. 17 shows average response time versus enabling different modules;FIG. 18 shows maximum new connections versus enabling different modules;and FIG. 19 shows the cumulative transaction completed ratio versusenabling different modules.

Based on the performance metric for application firewalls, threemetrics, namely, Maximum New Connections per Second, Maximum Throughputper Second, and Average Response Time, are used for the performanceimpact evaluation. According to the WASP architecture shown in FIG. 4,the design of the test cases is based on estimation of the potentialmajor bottlenecks in the WASP runtime. Based on the analysis of the WASPruntime code structure, the following four points are identified to bepotential performance root causes and are tested in detail.

-   -   Condition operator: The regex matching for the positive pattern        and negative pattern are implemented in the condition operator,        to validate the users' input values. The negative pattern with        long regex pattern will cost more computation resources.    -   Codecs module: The encoded characters such as Hex, Base64, and        the like also can be executed as active content in client        browsers to launch XSS attacks. The user input value will be        sanitized and decoded in case the encoded characters are        detected in this module.    -   RESTful URL rewriting module: The RESTful URL in which the        dynamic value is embedded will be rewritten to the static one        based on the URL pattern, then follow the rule retrieving        approach on the rewritten static one.    -   Response handler: To prevent CSRF attacks, some token(s) can be        inserted to the response page to prevent the following forgery        request based on the preissued token. This operation will        increase some response latency.

The setting of the test cases is shown in the table of FIG. 13. FIG. 17shows the average response time is 567 milliseconds without enablingrules in the WASP runtime engine, and the average response time willincrease to 195 milliseconds after enabling all the modules in WASP,including the condition operator, codecs module, RESTful rewritingmodule, and response handler. Meanwhile the maximum new connections persecond will decrease 22% percent with all the modules enabled in WASP asin FIG. 18. FIG. 19 plots the cumulative completed transaction ratioagainst time. Contrasting their performances, it can be seen that after1000 ms, the success transaction completed ratio decreases from 100% forno rule enabled to 92% for all the modules enabled.

Recapitulation

Due consideration has been given to the firewall rule language definedin DataPower, ModSecurity, and the like, as well as the UML modeldefined in the WADL specification. One or more embodiments provide aWASP rule language HRS. One or more embodiments provide an HTTP messagemodel defined in HRS, which supports URLTemplate, which can validate thedynamic input value embedded in dynamic URL, to support more RESTmessage(s). HRS can express hierarchical fine-grain and semanticallyrich rules to prevent a broad class of attacks in HTTP request andresponse. Based on HRS, one or more embodiments implement the WASP rulemanagement tool as a RESTful service to manage the JSON-based rulefiles. In addition, a rule transformation engine is implemented in therule development tool, which can transform the WASP rules to IBMDataPower rules.

In one or more embodiments, four steps enable the virtual patching forfirewall rules. Create the WASP rule template based on HRS andapplication context information. From application context informationsuch as web.xml, struts.xml, or WADL file, retrieve the URLTemplateespecially for the dynamic RESTful URL. For the rule generation, parsethe XML report of a security testing tool, AppScan, to generateWASPmessages and rules, which will be processed by the runtime WASP engine.

One or more embodiments bridge the gap between the firewall and back-endapplications. For example, in some current techniques, when anon-compliant character is detected in a server-side firewall, a staticerror page is thrown out to the end user, which breaks the consistencyof application logic and induces a bad user experience. The mechanism ofsmart error reporting, according to one or more embodiments, isdifferent from these works, and is enabled in a runtime firewall engineto protect on boarding applications. One or more embodiments areconsistent with the existing application logics and no modification ofapplication codes is required. Instead of throwing out a static errorpage to end users when some violation is detected in a runtime WASPengine, a friendly error message and input backfill mechanism isdesigned to improve the user experience.

One or more embodiments provide a WASP rule language and meta-model tohandle most aspects of HTTP requests and responses, including theapplication context. The application context is often encoded in one ormore configuration files and/or annotations that are part of the backendmethods. One or more embodiments use the application context to developfine-grained and semantically rich WASF rules. Meanwhile, a ruledevelopment tool is provided in one or more embodiments to illustratehow to develop security rules based on the WASP rule language.

Virtual patching is a process in which a security administrator willdevelop and deploy one or more rules on a Web Application Firewall(WASF) to prevent any exploitation of application vulnerability. One ormore embodiments provide a mechanism for provisioning rules usingapplication context and testing tool results for interactive virtualpatching. An experimental prototype of has been developed in the contextof a WASP project. Meanwhile, the smart error reporting mechanism in thecontext of WASP is provided by one or more embodiments. Rather thansimply throwing out a static error page to end users when a violation isdetected in the firewall, one or more embodiments provide usablesecurity that provides friendly error messages with a backfillmechanism. The experimental evaluation shows that, in one or moreembodiments, the user experience is improved by smart error reporting.Also, this mechanism is consistent with the existing application logicand no modification of application codes is required in at least someinstances.

Reference should now be had to the flow chart of FIG. 21, which beginsin step 2100. Given the discussion thus far, it will be appreciatedthat, in general terms, an exemplary method for operating a webapplication server firewall includes the step 2108 of intercepting atleast one of an HTTP request message and an HTTP response message, aswell as the step 2110 of identifying a corresponding HTTP message model,based on the intercepting step. The HTTP message model includes aplurality of message model sections. Further step 2112 includes parsinga representation of the HTTP request or response message into messagesections in accordance with the message model sections of the HTTPmessage model. In the general case, the representation could be theactual message, but in a preferred approach, the representation is acopy of the message copied by the connector and forwarded to the messagehandler as described above.

Additional step 2114 includes binding a plurality of security rules tothe message model sections. The plurality of security rules each specifyat least one action to be taken in response to a given condition. Thegiven condition is based, at least in part, on a corresponding given oneof the message sections (i.e., the rule is applied by seeing if thecorresponding sections in the actual message meet the conditionspecified for such sections in the rule itself). A further step 2116includes processing the at least one of an HTTP request message and anHTTP response message in accordance with the plurality of security rules(typically, filtering “bad” messages and allowing “good” messagesthrough).

Processing Continues at 2118.

Optional additional steps in the operating method include step 2104,building the corresponding HTTP message model, and step 2106, developingthe plurality of security rules.

In some instances, steps 2104 and/or 2106 further include causing atleast one given one of the plurality of security rules which is writtenfor a parent portion of the HTTP message model to be inherited for achild portion of the HTTP message model. With regard to parameterinheritance, there are two inheritances format on URL:

-   -   1. the resource on the URL at 2016 can be regarded as a child of        the resource on the URL at 2020; in this type, filepathnode in        the URL is used to mark the resources and their sequences are        marked as hierarchy.    -   2. the resource on URL at the second line of 2018 can be        regarded as a child on the URL at the first line of 2018; in        this format, parameter “type” with its value “qOpp” is used to        describe child element for the base module on the given URL.

In some instances, steps 2104 and/or 2106 further include chaining atleast two given ones of the plurality of security rules together basedon at least the given condition being common to both of the at least twogiven ones of the plurality of security rules.

In some cases, step 2104 includes building the corresponding HTTPmessage model in UML.

In some cases, step 2116 further includes message content normalization.

As will be discussed further below, in some cases, the method furtherincludes providing a system, wherein the system includes distinctsoftware modules, each of the distinct software modules being embodiedon a computer-readable storage medium. The modules can include, forexample, a connector module 408, a message handler module 410, a ruledevelopment tool (RDT) module 424, and runtime engine module 412. Insuch cases, step 2108 is carried out by the connector module executingon at least one hardware processor, steps 2110 and 2112 are carried outby the message handler module executing on the at least one hardwareprocessor, steps 2104, 2106, and 2114 are carried out by the ruledevelopment tool module executing on the at least one hardwareprocessor, and step 2116 is carried out by the runtime engine moduleexecuting on the at least one hardware processor. At least one hardwareprocessor includes, for example, all steps executing on a singleprocessor, or, for example, steps 2104, 2106, and 2114 running on oneprocessor and steps 2108, 2110, 2112, and 2116 running on another.

Continued reference should be had to the flow chart of FIG. 21. Giventhe discussion thus far, it will be appreciated that, in general terms,an exemplary method for developing rules for a web application serverfirewall includes the step 2102 of anticipating at least one of an HTTPrequest message and an HTTP response message likely to be processed bythe web application server firewall (for example, by a human expert). Afurther step 2104 includes building a corresponding HTTP message model,based on the anticipating step. The HTTP message model includes aplurality of message model sections. Another step 2106 includesdeveloping a plurality of security rules each specifying at least oneaction to be taken in response to a given condition. As discussed above,the given condition is based, at least in part, on a correspondingsection of an actual message. A further step 2114 includes binding theplurality of security rules to the message model sections.

In some cases, the anticipation of at least one of an HTTP requestmessage and an HTTP response message could be carried out externally andstep 2104 could be based on externally-supplied information about suchanticipated message(s).

As noted above, processing continues at step 2118.

In some instances, steps 2104 and 2106 further include causing at leastone given one of the plurality of security rules which is written for aparent portion of the HTTP message model to be inherited for a childportion of the HTTP message model.

In some instances, steps 2104 and 2106 further include chaining at leasttwo given ones of the plurality of security rules together based on atleast the given condition being common to both of the at least two givenones of the plurality of security rules.

In some cases, the building of the corresponding HTTP message model instep 2104 includes building in UML.

As will be discussed further below, in some cases, the method furtherincludes providing a rule development tool system 424, wherein the ruledevelopment tool system includes distinct software modules, each of thedistinct software modules being embodied on a computer-readable storagemedium. The modules can include, for example, a message modeling module450, a rule modeling module 452, and a message rule binding module 454.In such cases, step 2104 is carried out by the message modeling moduleexecuting on at least one hardware processor, step 2106 is carried outby the rule modeling module executing on the at least one hardwareprocessor, and step 2114 is carried out by the message rule bindingmodule executing on the at least one hardware processor.

Exemplary System and Article of Manufacture Details

As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the presentinvention may be embodied as a system, method or computer programproduct. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the formof an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment(including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or anembodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may allgenerally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.”Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of acomputer program product embodied in one or more computer readablemedium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon.

One or more embodiments of the invention, or elements thereof, can beimplemented in the form of an apparatus including a memory and at leastone processor that is coupled to the memory and operative to performexemplary method steps.

One or more embodiments can make use of software running on a generalpurpose computer or workstation. With reference to FIG. 1, such animplementation might employ, for example, a processor 16, a memory 28,and an input/output interface 22 to a display 24 and external device(s)14 such as a keyboard, a pointing device, or the like. The term“processor” as used herein is intended to include any processing device,such as, for example, one that includes a CPU (central processing unit)and/or other forms of processing circuitry. Further, the term“processor” may refer to more than one individual processor. The term“memory” is intended to include memory associated with a processor orCPU, such as, for example, RAM (random access memory) 30, ROM (read onlymemory), a fixed memory device (for example, hard drive 34), a removablememory device (for example, diskette), a flash memory and the like. Inaddition, the phrase “input/output interface” as used herein, isintended to contemplate an interface to, for example, one or moremechanisms for inputting data to the processing unit (for example,mouse), and one or more mechanisms for providing results associated withthe processing unit (for example, printer). The processor 16, memory 28,and input/output interface 22 can be interconnected, for example, viabus 18 as part of a data processing unit 12. Suitable interconnections,for example via bus 18, can also be provided to a network interface 20,such as a network card, which can be provided to interface with acomputer network, and to a media interface, such as a diskette or CD-ROMdrive, which can be provided to interface with suitable media.

Accordingly, computer software including instructions or code forperforming the methodologies of the invention, as described herein, maybe stored in one or more of the associated memory devices (for example,ROM, fixed or removable memory) and, when ready to be utilized, loadedin part or in whole (for example, into RAM) and implemented by a CPU.Such software could include, but is not limited to, firmware, residentsoftware, microcode, and the like.

A data processing system suitable for storing and/or executing programcode will include at least one processor 16 coupled directly orindirectly to memory elements 28 through a system bus 18. The memoryelements can include local memory employed during actual implementationof the program code, bulk storage, and cache memories 32 which providetemporary storage of at least some program code in order to reduce thenumber of times code must be retrieved from bulk storage duringimplementation.

Input/output or I/O devices (including but not limited to keyboards,displays, pointing devices, and the like) can be coupled to the systemeither directly or through intervening I/O controllers.

Network adapters 20 may also be coupled to the system to enable the dataprocessing system to become coupled to other data processing systems orremote printers or storage devices through intervening private or publicnetworks. Modems, cable modem and Ethernet cards are just a few of thecurrently available types of network adapters.

As used herein, including the claims, a “server” includes a physicaldata processing system (for example, system 12 as shown in FIG. 1)running a server program. It will be understood that such a physicalserver may or may not include a display and keyboard.

As noted, aspects of the present invention may take the form of acomputer program product embodied in one or more computer readablemedium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon. Anycombination of one or more computer readable medium(s) may be utilized.The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium ora computer readable storage medium. A computer readable storage mediummay be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic,optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus,or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specificexamples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readable storage mediumwould include the following: an electrical connection having one or morewires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory(RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-onlymemory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compactdisc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magneticstorage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In thecontext of this document, a computer readable storage medium may be anytangible medium that can contain, or store a program for use by or inconnection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

A computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signalwith computer readable program code embodied therein, for example, inbaseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may takeany of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to,electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. Acomputer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium thatis not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate,propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with aninstruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

Program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmittedusing any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless,wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination ofthe foregoing.

Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of thepresent invention may be written in any combination of one or moreprogramming languages, including an object oriented programming languagesuch as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional proceduralprogramming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similarprogramming languages. The program code may execute entirely on theuser's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alonesoftware package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remotecomputer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latterscenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computerthrough any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or awide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an externalcomputer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet ServiceProvider).

Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference toflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus(systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of theinvention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchartillustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in theflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented bycomputer program instructions. These computer program instructions maybe provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, specialpurpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus toproduce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via theprocessor of the computer or other programmable data processingapparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified inthe flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computerreadable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable dataprocessing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particularmanner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readablemedium produce an article of manufacture including instructions whichimplement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks.

The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer,other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to causea series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, otherprogrammable apparatus or other devices to produce a computerimplemented process such that the instructions which execute on thecomputer or other programmable apparatus provide processes forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks.

The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate thearchitecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementationsof systems, methods and computer program products according to variousembodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in theflowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portionof code, which comprises one or more executable instructions forimplementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be notedthat, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in theblock may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, twoblocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantiallyconcurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverseorder, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be notedthat each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, andcombinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchartillustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-basedsystems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations ofspecial purpose hardware and computer instructions.

It should be noted that any of the methods described herein can includean additional step of providing a system comprising distinct softwaremodules embodied on a computer readable storage medium; the modules caninclude, for example, any or all of the elements depicted in the blockdiagrams and/or described herein. The method steps can then be carriedout using the distinct software modules and/or sub-modules of thesystem, as described above, executing on one or more hardware processorssuch as 16. Further, a computer program product can include acomputer-readable storage medium with code adapted to be implemented tocarry out one or more method steps described herein, including theprovision of the system with the distinct software modules.

In any case, it should be understood that the components illustratedherein may be implemented in various forms of hardware, software, orcombinations thereof; for example, application specific integratedcircuit(s) (ASICS), functional circuitry, one or more appropriatelyprogrammed general purpose digital computers with associated memory, andthe like. Given the teachings of the invention provided herein, one ofordinary skill in the related art will be able to contemplate otherimplementations of the components of the invention.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. Asused herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended toinclude the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises”and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify thepresence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements,and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of oneor more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements,components, and/or groups thereof.

The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of allmeans or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended toinclude any structure, material, or act for performing the function incombination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. Thedescription of the present invention has been presented for purposes ofillustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive orlimited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications andvariations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the artwithout departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Theembodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain theprinciples of the invention and the practical application, and to enableothers of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention forvarious embodiments with various modifications as are suited to theparticular use contemplated.

What is claimed is:
 1. A web application server executing a webapplication and a web application server firewall, the web applicationserver comprising: an interface to a communications network, thecommunications network passing a plurality of messages between at leastone client computer and the web application; a connector moduleexecuting on at least one processor of the web application server andintercepting a plurality of HTTP request messages of the plurality ofmessages and a plurality of HTTP response messages of the plurality ofmessages, wherein the HTTP request messages and HTTP response messages;a message handler module executing on the at least one processor of theweb application server and parsing the HTTP request messages and theHTTP response messages into a plurality of message sections inaccordance with a plurality of message model sections of a HTTP messagemodel; a runtime engine module executing on the at least one processorof the web application server and processing the HTTP request messagesand the HTTP response messages in accordance with the message sectionsand a plurality of bound security rules, wherein the bound securityrules are each bound to one or more message model sections of the HTTPmessage model, and at least one bound security rule is fired upondetermining that a given message includes a message section matching atleast one of the message model sections to which the at least one boundsecurity rule is bound; and a memory storing a plurality of securityrules including unbound security rules and the bound security rules,wherein at least one of the bound security rules corresponding to aparent portion of the HTTP message model and is inherited by a childportion of the HTTP message model.
 2. The web application server ofclaim 1, wherein the runtime engine module is configured to selectbetween a filter action and an allow action performed on the givenmessage upon firing the at least one bound security rule.
 3. The webapplication server of claim 1, wherein the runtime engine module isconfigured to perform at least one a block action, an allow action and alog action on the given message upon firing the at least one boundsecurity rule.
 4. The web application server of claim 1, wherein the atleast one processor chains at least two given ones of the bound securityrules together based on the given condition being common to both of theat least two given ones of the bound security rules.